Monday, May 25, 2020

Calorie Definition in Chemistry

A calorie  is a unit of energy, but whether or not the c in the word is capitalized matters. Heres what you need to know: Calorie Definition A calorie is a unit of thermal energy equal to 4.184 joules or the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of liquid water 1 °C at standard pressure. Sometimes a calorie (written with a lowercase c) is called a small calories or a gram calorie. The symbol for the calorie is cal. When the word Calorie is written with an uppercase C, it refers to the large calorie, food calorie, or kilogram calorie. The Calorie is 100 calories or the amount of thermal energy needed to heat one kilogram of water one degree Celsius. Calorie History Nicolas  Clà ©ment, a French chemist and physicist, first defined the calorie as a unit of heat or thermal energy in 1824. The word calorie comes from the Latin word calor, which means heat. The small calorie was defined in English and French dictionaries around 1841 to 1867. Wilbur Olin Atwater introduced the large calorie in 1887. Calorie Versus Joule The calorie is based on joules, grams, and degrees Celsius, so in a way its a metric unit, but the official unit of energy in the International System of Units (SI) is simply the joule. In the modern era, its more common to express thermal energy in terms of joules per kelvin per gram or kilogram. These values relate to the specific heat capacity of water. While the small calorie is still used sometimes in chemistry and the large calorie is used for food, joules (J) and kilojoules (kJ) are the preferred units.

Friday, May 15, 2020

The Islamic Civilization And Islam - 1658 Words

One cannot have an adequate and well-versed discussion about Islamic civilization without first defining two key terms: Civilization and Islam. Associate Professor at Washington University in St. Louis, Ahmet Karamustafa, defines civilizations as, â€Å"nothing more than a particular, even unique combination of ideas and practice that groups of human actors – who are the real agents of human history – affirm as their own and use to define and develop their own sense of presence and agency in the world† (Karamustafa 103). Thus, guided by this definition, we have an understanding of Islamic Civilization as a religious movement guided by the mandates of God. Of course, anywhere where there is human organization and interaction, there will be politics involved. Although there were some political aspects in the community of the Believers under the leadership of the prophet, at the core of this movement was the belief in his prophetic authority. I will argue t hat Islam, despite all the political implications it has had throughout history, is ultimately rooted in religious belief, submission to God, and living a pious life in accordance with God’s commands for achieving eternal salvation. Furthermore, In the course of this paper, I will give a brief introduction of Islamic civilization broken up into four parts that are integral to understanding Islamic civilization: Politics and religion in the early community of the believers, governance after the death of the prophet,Show MoreRelatedIslam : The Islamic Civilizations1128 Words   |  5 PagesThere are a lot of very interesting comparative and contrasts you can deduct from ancient Hebrews V.s. the Islamic civilizations. In both cultures we see a submission to some form of God. Both cultures were at one point polytheistic. They both have very unique history to them. I find Islamic culture to be very different in many ways however from Hebrews. Islamic culture we see a book called the Quran, this book are all words from Mohammad copied by his disciples. He gave birth to a mono theisticRead MoreThe Islamic Religion Of The Arabian Desert1505 Words   |  7 Pagescriterion in Islam is not color or social status. It s who is most righteous. If I go to a mosque - and I m a basketball player with money and prestige - if I go to a mosque and see an imam, I feel inferior. He s better than me. It s about knowledge.(Hakeem Olajuwon) The Islamic religion may also be defined as your average day rollercoaster; You have your climb, your peak, your drop or fall, and of course even when this coaster has ended it still has impacted you in some sort of way. The Islamic religionRead MoreThe Rise Of Islam By Matthew Gordon954 Words   |  4 PagesGordon’s book, â€Å"The Rise of Islam†. Throughout the course of history, many religions have had a profound effect on western civilization. During the early 5th century a religion a rose that had an extremely important impact on western civilization. The Arabic prophet Muhammad founded the religion known today as Islam. Violence, diplomacy, Arabic tradition, and public law played a vital role in the rise and conquest of Islam. These four key elements that fostered the rise of Islam helped establish one ofRead MoreThe Islam During The Postclassical Period916 Words   |  4 PagesThe prophet Muhammad founded the religion known as Islam during the postclassical period. He claimed to hear voices while meditating alone and believed this voice to be that of a higher being. He declared himself the last prophet and formed the Islamic religion on the belief that at the end of time, on Judgment Day, everyone would be resurrected and either have eternal punishment in hellfire or eternal joy in paradise. Islam grew in popularity around the world when Muslim merchants spread acrossRead MoreThroughout civilization, religions have come a long way in impacting modern society and600 Words   |  3 Pages Throughout civilization, religions have come a long way in impacting modern society and civilization. One of the major Abrahamic religions, Islam, has made many advances and has contributed a variety of concepts, ideas and inventions to western civilization. Most of these contributions have gone unnoticed throughout the years, and have been credited by various people, when in reality Muslim scholars have formulated these concepts. Although some may believe that these contributions are irrelevantRead MoreCC of Cultural and Intellectual Tradition of The M.E. (600-1450 CE)766 Words   |  4 PagesPeninsula joined forces to form the Dar-ar-Islam. Used to unite the Middle Eastern Empire, Islam – founded by the prophet Muhammad in 610 CE – created a stable civilization based on Islamic views and teachings for its individuals. In the Middle East during the time of 600 CE to 1450 CE, the religion of Islam stayed unchanged, while the influences of different cultures altered the traditions of the society as well as the women’s rights and status in the civilization. As the Middle East developed overRead MoreThe Similarities between: The Byzantine Empire and Islamic Civilization 665 Words   |  3 PagesMuch of past civilizations have endured many failures and triumphs throughout their existence. In the third century, there were many civilizations that started to flourish. One of these civilizations that started to expand was the Byzantine civilization. The Byzantine civilization, also regarded as Byzantium, was part of the Roman Empire which was divided in 395 AD. Byzantium had shared the same attitude, as the Roman Empire, toward exercising its authority over its citizens and throughout its empireRead MoreSpread of Islam in West Africa by Professor Abdur-Rahman I Doi649 Words   |  3 PagesDoi, had established the Dar as-Salaam Islamic Research Center and had great experience in researching, lecturing and administration in African societal studies. In his article â€Å"Spread of Islam in West Africa†, he traced the path that Islam as a new religion went throw before it spread into sub-Saharan region of West Africa focusing on the Empires of Ghana, Mali and Songhay, the Empires of Kanem-Bornu and Hausa-Fulani Land. He described the influence of Islam on the â€Å"Dyaogo dynasty of the KingdomRead MoreWhat Role Did Violence And Warfare Play During The Origins And The Rise Of Islam1078 Words   |  5 PagesFirst of all, we are talking about what role did violence and warfare play in the origins and the rise of Islam. Since the 1950s, Western countries led by the committee to allow the establishment of Islamic mullahs called on the community of believers. Freed from the oppression of Islam out of the only parts of the land has old Yugoslavia and modern Israel. The real windfall rooted in Islamic fundamentalism and religious revivalism, part of the Muslim Arab countries because the current situationRead MoreReanalyze the Relationship of the West and Islamic Civilization Future1142 Words   |  5 PagesStates and allies) versus Islamic Civilization has triggered controversy among International Relations scholars. This paper tries to analyze three main supportive arguments from Huntington thesis in the West v. Islam conflict. Democracy System v. Islamic Laws Samuel P. Huntington stated that Muslims unable to accept democracy because of the nature of Islamic law and this situation potentially lead to the virulent clash between the West and Islamic countries. He argued that Islam is the exclusive religion

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

The Criminal Behaviour Of Jeffrey Dahmer - 1539 Words

Introduction Within the various fields of criminology, the examination of the reasoning behind why individuals commit crime is important in modern debates regarding how crime should be controlled and prevented. Over the years, numerous theories have developed and continue to be explored – both individually and collectively. Some of the most significant theories with regards to the criminal behaviour of Jeffrey Dahmer include: rational choice theory, attachment theory, differential association theory, biosocial theory and social control theory. This assignment will focus solely on social control theory and how it relates to the case of Jeffrey Dahmer. Social Control Theory Social control theory is used to help one understand and reduce levels of criminal activity. It is based upon the idea that an individual’s basic belief system, morals, values, commitments and relationships foster a lawful environment. Most individuals who possess these values and beliefs tend to have a level of self-control over their actions and are consequently prepared to remain on the correct side of the law. Furthermore, social control theory is used to examine how society can influence criminal behaviour. It also emphasizes the idea that when an individual is involved and in-touch with their community, they are less likely to commit acts of delinquency. In 1969, social control theory was developed by Travis Hirschi. This theory has also been known to be called the social bond theory – whenShow MoreRelatedThe Criminal Mind : Jeffrey Dahmer Essay1188 Words   |  5 PagesEssay #3 Rough Draft The criminal mind is something that is difficult to comprehend. The aggressive, manic, and psychotic behaviors of criminals are all a reflection of their human biology and the environment. Jeffrey Dahmer, also known as the Milwaukee Cannibal, committed several crimes of murder and rape which were behaviors influenced by both external factors and his genetic makeup. While certain justifications for criminal acts can be argued as irrational, it is clear that the biological andRead MoreCase Study of Jeffrey Dahmer2982 Words   |  12 PagesA Case-Study of Jeffrey Dahmer. This paper will present case-analysis of the life and history of American psychopathic offender Jeffrey Dahmer. With the aim of carrying out this assignment effectively the research will be done from a psychological perspective; with regard to understanding the best fitted typology for the defendant’s criminality. Here these intimate aspects of the study will purely focus on the profiling of the offender, analyzing his past criminal record conjointly introducingRead MoreMental Disorders And Personality Disorder1723 Words   |  7 Pagescausing people to not understand human ethics? There are certain mental disorders that can be linked to serial criminality, such as antisocal personality disorder and borderline personality which are exhibited in notorious killers Ted Bundy and Jeffrey Dahmer. Ted Bundy is perhaps a household name. His crimes were so horrendous and large that people more or less recognize him, even if they do not know the reason. From the outside, Bundy grew up in a loving middle class family. However, Born on NovemberRead MoreIs Sociopaths Lack Of Guilt? Essay1479 Words   |  6 Pagesexamples of a sociopath which has had the nurture aspect affect their interactions is Jeffrey Dahmer. Erikson/Freud/Piaget: As a child, Dahmer’s emotional needs were not met. His mother was not emotionally there and his father was often working. A child who is not held, soothed, and attended to might not develop proper object relations, feeling lonely and isolated from everyone else (studies of Erikson). Dahmer was a homosexual, his lack of ability to communicate with his family about his sexualityRead MorePopular Culture s Obsession With Morbid Subjects1926 Words   |  8 Pagesthings that will disturb them—rather, they are subconsciously checking how society is responding to the problem. By seeing volunteers help a country recovering from a tsunami, or following the progress of investigators as they work to track down a criminal, people are comforting themselves by seeing that society can still function as a helping community. In addition to viewing the event and its aftermath, the most interesting aspect of a gruesome incident is the factors that led to it. The most prominentRead MoreScience Of Hereditary Transmiss ion, Responsible For Self Duplication And Protein Synthesis4012 Words   |  17 Pageswithin them,; they do not learn anything new but merely recollect knowledge that has previously lain dormant’. [28] It is believed that we all have a â€Å"biological clock† which – involuntary – switches on or off depending of the different types of behaviour for given situations. For example, if someone were to feel threatened in an event, they would get defensive, this is the stimuli which is produced in the given situation. Therefore it can be argued that characteristics which are not apparent or recognisableRead MoreDr. Dahmer And Dennis Nilsen4366 Words   |  18 PagesAfter developing a fascination for the mindset of criminals at an early age, two cases that I personally found most gripping were those of the infamous Jeffrey Dahmer and Dennis Nilsen. Like most people in the UK, I too am familiar with the crimes of Nilsen, the Scottish serial killer well known for forming sexual relationships with his victims. Albeit the second serial killer is less well known in Britain, Jeffrey Dahmer is a household name in USA and became particularly famous for cannibalisingRead More Are Serial Killers Born Or Made?1885 Words   |  8 Pagesoften with no apparent motive and typically following a characteristic and predictable behaviour pattern. Commonly used terms like sociopath and psychopath are no longer used in a clinical setting. Instead, these pathologies fall under a condition called anti-social personality disorder. A sociopath is traditionally defined as a person with a personality disorder manifesting itself in extreme, and often criminal, antisocial attitudes and who lacks a sense of moral responsibility or social conscience

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

China Economic Performance from 2007-2016-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the China Economic Performance from 2007-2016. Answer: Introduction In 1820, China was ranked the largest economy in the world but today its ranked the second largest. The Qing dynasty was approaching its 3rd century imperial dynasty in China during this period and this economy held the largest proportion of the worlds GDP. If measured in purchasing power parity terms, this economy is still the largest, but in terms of GDP it is the 2nd largest since we entered the 19th century. The reason as to why it fell behind is because of the increased industrial revolution in the western world. The catch up begun in 1978 at the onset of reforms; its GDP per capita was similar to that of Zambia; thus this economy was said to be very poor (Eskart, 2016). The average GDP growth experienced in China from 1978 to 2014 was 10% annually. This resulted in its GDP per capita rising by a 40-fold; this was from 155 US dollars in 1978 to 7590 US dollars by 2014. It is argued to have had an unparalleled achievement ass it raised over 800 people out of poverty. There is sti ll a need for more development in China as despite the achievement, its GDP per capita is still below the worlds average. The success of this economy was driven by it becoming the largest manufacturing hub; it specialized in labor-intensive manufacturing of cheap goods that were exported all over the world (FocusEconomics, 2017). This economy is a major trade partner with many other world economies. Since 2010, this economies has been ranked 1st in the exportation of merchandize goods, but 2nd in importation. It is ranked 3rd in the importation of commercial services, but 5th in exportation. Production Output Performance Analysis China Real GDP Viswanathan (2014) defined GDP as the money value of the total goods a country produced in a period of one year. It is a good measure of economic growth as it determines the level of the living standards. Viswanathan noted that an increase in GDP results in an increase in the standard of living. The measurement of GDP is done every year and comparison is done with the previous year to determine how much growth has taken place. At high value of GDP, the workers receives more compensation to meet some additional demands. GDP in nominal terms has not been adjusted for changes in prices as the case for the real GDP, China Real GDP Growth GDP growth has been said to be the percentage change of GDP from one period to the following period. It is a measure used in predicting the changes in economic performance. A fall in GDP growth rate requires the intervention by the policy makers. Fig: China Real GDP Growth Rate The graph for China real growth rate indicates a falling trend. Initially, its growth rate was very high (of above 10%). For the three years before the GFC, the growth rate was on a rising trend. It rose from 11.3% in 2005 to 14.2% in 2007. The 2007 record was the highest for the 10 year period. The rate fell to 9.6% in 2008 and 9.2% in 2009 respectively. The recovery in 2010 resulted in the rate rising to 10.606%, however, it was followed by a falling trend for the following four years. In 2014, this economy recorded the lowest real GDP growth rate of 7.3%. This economy has the worlds proportion of total population accounting to 18%. China Real GDP per Capita This is the value that shows the amount on money that any person is the economy is estimated to be earning. It is obtained by dividing the total GDP by the countrys total population (Pettinger, 2011). This measure is used as an estimator of the standards of living and commonly used for comparison between different countries (Amadeo, 2017). Fig: China Real GDP per capita Series 1: Argentina Real GDP per capita Series 2: China Real GDP per capita The trend for China Real GDP per capita is rising. Despite the impacts of the GFC that occurred in 2008-09, the china Real GDP per capita rose year after year from 2005 to 2014. This is an indicator of improve standard of living for China. In comparison to the 1st series for the Argentina economy, the living standard in China is better than that of Argentina. The improvement on China Real GDP per capita is rapid compared to the slow improvement on that of Argentina. Although the GFC did not have an impact on Chinas Real GDP per capita, Argentina recorded a lower value during the same period. The change in value for china had more than doubled by 2014. It was 18,436.12 in 2005 but 41,035.39 in 2014. The change in value for Argentina was only by a small proportion. Governments Measures The growth of China GDP has been attributed by its undefined objective of eliminating poverty; over the years, its GDP per capita has gone up significantly and this has acted as a booster to personal consumption. This economy has also centralized the control of the industrial production by owning the enterprises; this has enabled the government to be able to plan its output targets for which to follow. According to Eskart (2016), there was a gradual liberalization of prices under Dengs leadership (the price system became dual and allowed for a market price and a quota), the fiscal autonomy granted to the sub-national government was greater; the incentives were to stimulate investment and improve growth and expansion of the private sector. Its closed modern banking system has opened this economy to trade. Unemployment in China Unemployment Types Unemployment is present when people have no jobs, they are actively seeking, and any job vacancy available can be better for them. The typical types of unemployment are divided into four groups. Cyclical unemployment occurs time to time in an economy and is unavoidable. The economy has two business cycles; the boom and the burst period. The boom period is when many businesses performance is on the rise and thus the businesses are expanding; thus these businesses demand additional labor to facilitate the expansion. On the contrary, the burst business cycle means that there is poor business performance; when demand for goods is low, there is no need for a business to employ additional labor since the additional goods produced will be sold at a lower price. Thus businesses cut the number of their employees; those laid off become cyclically unemployed. Structural unemployment results from changing business structure; for a firm that opts to invest more in technology, efficiency is created and the new technology may enable a single person to carry out various processes at the same time (Grimsley, 2017). Hence, the demand for labor falls; this forces some workers to be laid off and become structurally unemployed. The same case applies for the case of increased manufacturing costs in a certain area; the manufacturing firm may find it difficult to operate in the said area and opt to shift its operation to a new territory where costs may be lower. This shifting may not be compatible with all the workers and thus they are left behind with no job and are said to be structurally unemployed. Frictional unemployment is the 3rd type resulting from information asymmetry; the person looking forward to be employed and has the right skills may not be aware of the employing companies, and also the employing companies are not aware of the existence of this person. According to Nash (2017), it takes time before this awareness is created; the two parties are on the search and may take time before they match. Its also the case for those people who cannot accept to do a certain job because its compensation is low and opt to remain unemployed waiting for a job with a better compensation. The last type is the seasonal unemployment mostly experienced in agricultural farms since labor in agriculture is not required all year long. The same case applies for tourism activities; there is less flow of tourists during the winter as compared to summer. Some people who offer various services to the tourists remain unemployed until the summer arrives. Unemployment Trend in China Fig: China Unemployment Trend The graph for China unemployment rate gives a falling trend for the 10 year period (2005-14). Before 2008, this economy was performing well and thus its unemployment rate was falling. It hit the lowest level of the 10 years in 2007 exactly a year before the global financial crisis. In 2008, the unemployment rate rose to 4.2%, a further rise and the highest record was made on 2009 (4.3%). A recovery was experienced in 2010 when the rate fell to 4.14%. The falling trend continued until 2013 when it started rising again. Generally, the China economy can be argued to be faced with a high unemployment rate challenge. Government Measures The role of the government it to maintain the employment rate at very high level. This can be ensured that there are plentiful of jobs for the whole population. This economys investment level is approximately 50% of its total GDP; for this reason, it has been creating many jobs opportunities. The economy has also put up some strategies to promote the expansion of the private sector as it is the major source of employment. The economy is one of the major importers of commercial services improving the service sector and thus creating additional employment. The government has also eased its regulations on business investors. For instance it has eliminated the minimum capital requirements for starting a new business (Heritage.org, 2017). This has resulted in increased investment in new businesses by investors and has thus created many jobs. Price Level Analysis Inflation in China Fig: China Inflation rate The above graph shows the changes in China inflation rate for the period between 2005 and 2014. The trend exhibited by change in China inflation rate is positive. Initially, the inflation rate was lower. The rate rose rapidly to 4.8% in 2008 and a further rise to 5.9% in 2008. The change in the inflation rate was negative 0.7% in 2009, and this is the lowest record made in 10 years. After the recovery in 2010, the rate rose to 3.3%, and a further rise to 5.4% in 2011. Since then, the rate started falling all the way to 2014 Typical Causes of Inflation There are three typical causes of inflation. One is the increased money supply that results from government policies. Increased money supply raises the income level for the households making them to demand more goods and services. Increase in demand without a corresponding increase in supply results in a price rise (Gillespie, 2007). This inflation caused by excessive demand is the demand-pull inflation. Secondly, the costs of production may contribute to rising inflation. When the raw materials prices goes up, for instance the oil price goes up, the production process for the companies dependent on oil becomes more expensive. Since the goals of businesses is to maximize revenue, they transfer the extra costs to the final end consumer through charging higher prices. The last cause is the built-in inflation which is caused mostly by the first two causes; when price rises, workers try to keep up by demanding increased wages, employees raises the cost of output to facilitate the same. Government Measures Maintenance of Price stability is a primary for an economy since price determines many operations on the economy. The government employs contraction ally monetary and fiscal policies to lower the inflation rate during a period when its very high. The government also employs the strategy of inflation rate targeting so as to ensure that there is a fixed range at which the inflation rate should be maintained. Wakatabe (2016) noted that this is the best measure for price stabilization. Conclusion Many world economies including China were greatly affected by the 2008-09 GFC. The recovery process has been a challenge to many economies. For instance, it can be concluded that China has not yet fully recovered from the GFC impacts since the unemployment level has not gone down to the same level recorded in 2007 before the crisis. This economy has succeeded in lifting a large number of people from poverty and this has contributed significantly to its GDP. The economy has implemented expansionary monetary and fiscal policies to stimulate economic growth. In addition, the government has also implemented policies to promote different sector in the economy which has helped in raising the employment rate. Despite the large population, China is an economy of rising GDP per capita. China has control over its unemployment rate since there are many policy implement that have led to the creation of many jobs. Thus, the unemployment rate may be projected to continue falling if the policies still stands in place. Inflation is not a big challenge for this economy as it is managed in the inflation targeting range. The inflation rate is falling and thus allowing room for the implementation of government policies References Amadeo, K. (2017). Why the World's Largest Economies Aren't the Richest. The Balance. Retrieved 11 August 2017, from https://www.thebalance.com/gdp-per-capita-formula-u-s-compared-to-highest-and-lowest-3305848. Eckart, J. (2016). 8 things you need to know about Chinas economy. World Economic Forum. Retrieved 11 August 2017, from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/06/8-facts-about-chinas-economy/. FocusEconomics. (2017). China Economic Outlook. FocusEconomics. Retrieved 10 August 2017, from https://www.focus-economics.com/countries/china. Gillespie, A. (2007). Foundations of economics. Oxford [u.a.: Oxford Univ. Press. Grimsley, S. (2017). Structural Unemployment: Definition, Causes Examples. Study.com. Retrieved 12 August 2017, from https://study.com/academy/lesson/structural-unemployment-definition-causes-examples.html. Heritage.org. (2017). China Economy: Population, GDP, Inflation, Business, Trade, FDI, Corruption. Heritage.org. Retrieved 10 August 2017, from https://www.heritage.org/index/country/china. Imf.org. (2017). Report for Selected Countries and Subjects. Imf.org. Retrieved 9 August 2017, from https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2005ey=2014scsm=1ssd=1sort=countryds=.br=1pr1.x=73pr1.y=9c=924s=NGDP_R%2CNGDP_RPCH%2CNGDPRPC%2CPCPIPCH%2CLURgrp=0a=. Nash, J. (2017). Three Types of Unemployment: Cyclical, Frictional Structural. Study.com. Retrieved 12 August 2017, from https://study.com/academy/lesson/three-types-of-unemployment-cyclical-frictional-structural.html. Pettinger, T. (2011). GDP per Capita Statistics. Economicshelp.org. Retrieved 11 August 2017, from https://www.economicshelp.org/blog/343/economics/gdp-per-capita-statistics/. Viswanathan, B. (2017). What is the meaning and significance of GDP per capita? Why does India have such a low GDP (nominal) per capita? Quora.com. Retrieved 11 August 2017, from https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-meaning-and-significance-of-GDP-per-capita-Why-does-India-have-such-a-low-GDP-nominal-per-capita. Wakatabe, M. (2016). China Should Adopt Inflation Targeting. Forbes.com. Retrieved 12 August 2017, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/mwakatabe/2016/01/26/china-should-adopt-inflation-targeting/#51cf87632321